Question Bank: Biotechnology and Science

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Below, you will find questions divided into sub-categories for Biotechnology & Science.

Biochemistry

1. Can you explain the mechanism of muta rotation?
2. Describe how vitamin c is synthesized.
3. Describe what occurs during a nucleophilic attack.
4. Explain the phenomenon of bolting.
5. Explain the working of mono chromator unit?
6. Explain three types of plasmalogens.
7. Explain why proteins that recognize specific DNA sequences usually bind in the major groove of DNA.
8. What are neurotransmitters? Describe how they function.
9. What are the structural differences between alpha keratin and collagen?
10. What are the two hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla? What are their functions?
11. What are the two types of confirmation of a cyclohexane ring?
12. What is glycosidic linkage?
13. What is kovac’s reagent?
14. What is line weaver Burk equation? Explain.
15. What is meant by panhypopituitarism?
16. What is the difference between alpha carotene and beta carotene?
17. What is the difference between Chvostek's sign and Trousseau's sign?
18. What is the difference between MUFA and PUFA?
19. What is the difference between Phospholipids and phosphosphingosides?
20. What is the phenomenon of salting-in effect? Describe.
21. What is the principal difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication?

Bio Informatics

1. An electron is injected into a region of uniform magnetic flux density with the components of velocity parallel to and normal to the flux. What is the path of the electron?
2. Describe the equation for cell diffusion.
3. Describe the three types of DNA.
4. Exactly how fast is Pattern Hunter when comparing two DNA sequences.
5. Explain the difference between SE (Standard Error) and SEM.
6. Explain the principle involved in Biometry.
7. Explain the steps you need to take to customize database for blast.
8. How does a cluster algorithm work?
9. How do you find the most recent human sequence data in the databases in order to determine physical maps?
10. How many grams of NaOH will react with 0.2 equivalent of HCl?
11. How much template do you need for sequencing?
12. How do you calculate sensitivity and selectivity of Blast?
13. If you had 1,500 base pair pieces of random DNA and you wanted to know how many of them had homology to known genes, what would you do to determine that? Explain your reasoning.
14. Suppose the Blast search returned 100 hits. Of these, 17 were false positives and we knew that there were 165 sequences in the database which should have returned a hit with our sequence. How many false negatives were there, and what is the sensitivity and selectivity of Blast in this instance?
15. What are the benefits of using Pattern Hunter instead of Blast?
16. What are the current challenges in the Pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors?
17. What is an alignment?
18. What is an ontology?
19. What is a qi number?
20. What is a scoring matrix?
21. What is bio informatics?
22. What is FASTA format?
23. What is gene expression analysis?
24. What is Medical Informatics?
25. What is Pattern Hunter?
26. What is QSAR (quantitative structure-activity relationship)?
27. What is the chimera check?
28. What is the Reaction intermediate in Reimer-Tiemanns reaction?
29. Why was the Pattern Hunter software program developed?

Bio Physics

1. Define and describe the use of algorithms.
2. Describe the differences between LTD and LTP.
3. Describe the integrate-and-fire model of individual neurons.
4. Describe two different sensory receptor cells, with respect to the locations and the mechanisms of this amplification?
5. Explain Bayes' Rule.
6. Explain how a system of chemical reactions can be represented as ODEs and PDEs?
7. Explain in brief the principles of quantal analysis in the peripheral and central nervous system?
8. How does the diffusion equation differ from the cable equation?
9. How would you compare the computational power of a cortical pyramidal cell with that of a desktop computer?
10. What are neuro modulators?
11. What is a local field potential?
12. What is a place code?
13. What is the turnover number of an enzyme? Is that always an evaluation parameter of the activity of the enzyme?
14. What is the "aperture problem"?
15. What is the difference between equilibrium and steady-state?
16. What is the significance of modelling and which model types do you know?
17. What is the use of HPLC? Describe how you use the columns and the importance of the pharma field.

Biotechnology

1. Describe repressors.
2. For which purpose Immunoblotting technique is used?
3. In conventional breeding within species, it is said that "vertical transfer" of genes takes place. However, biotechnology allows "horizontal transfer" of genes across species. Is such horizontal transfer unnatural, and therefore possibly unsafe, as well as unethical? Explain your reasoning.
4. In detail, describe the Gram Staining method.
5. Other than forensic DNA fingerprinting, state another application of this DNA profiling technology?
6. What are Frame shift mutations?
7. What are immunoglobulins?
8. What are the limitations of blotting techniques and what alternatives can you suggest?
9. What is a Living Modified Organism (LMO)?
10. What is a plant-incorporated protectant?
11. What is a "transgenic" organism?
12. What is the basic difference between quantitative and quantal assays?
13. What is the difference between plant-incorporated protect ants produced through genetic engineering and those produced through conventional breeding?
14. What is the difference between traditional breeding and recombinant DNA techniques?
15. What is the name of the bacterium from which the Bt gene is isolated?
16. What should be included on a gel to enable you to determine actual sizes of the DNA fragments?
17. What technique is used to measure the number of copies of a gene or an RNA molecule in human tissues?

Cell Biology

1. Can mechanical freezers be used for cryogenic storage of cultured cells? Explain.
2. Describe spherical cell like contamination.
3. Describes what happens in normal tissue cells vs. tumor tissue cells.
4. Describe the process of freezing and thawing primary lymphocytes in detail.
5. Describe the significance of the cell membrane marker.
6. Describe the steps you would take to grow hybridomas.
7. Describe the steps you would take to prepare for a bone marrow transplant.
8. Describe the trans well migration assay.
9. Explain the difference between the passage number of a cell line and its population doubling level.
10. Explain the factors in E. coli survivability.
11. Explain transamination.
12. How does sodium thiosulphate affect yeast?
13. How would you confirm the differentiation of monocytes to macrophages?
14. How would you go about isolating primary osteoblasts? Describe the steps.
15. If you had to explain the following to a ten-year-old, how would you do it: lysosomes, golgi apparatus, ribosomes, mitochondria?
16. Walk us through the steps, how do you detect and de-contaminate Mycoplasma contamination?
17. What are ATP lowering agents?
18. What are non-viral vectors?
19. What can you tell us about the transfection of primary cortical neurons?
20. What is a stem cell culture? Explain its significance.
21. What is meant by co-immune precipitation?
22. What is meant by thermal death point?
23. What is proteosome inhibitor?
24. What is the difference between IGA and IGM of immunoglobulins?

Genetics

1. A number of plant species have a recessive allele for albinism; homozygous albino (white) individuals are unable to synthesize chlorophyll. If a tobacco plant heterozygous for albinism is allowed to self-pollinate and 500 seeds germinate. Explain how many offspring will be the same genotype as the parent, and how many seedlings would you expect to be white.
2. Cystic fibrosis (CF) occurs with a frequency of about 1/2500 Caucasian newborns and is inherited as an autosomal recessive. A woman had an older sister die from complications of this disease. CF is not present among relatives of her husband. Both the woman and her husband have normal phenotypes. What is the chance this couple will have a CF child?
3. Describe co-dominance.
4. Describe regeneration.
5. Describe the replicator theory.
6. Describe the steps involved in genetic engineering.
7. Describe what happens in Post meiotic segregation?
8. Explain Genome annotation.
9. Explain the sex linked traits in human beings.
10. Explain translation.
11. Flower position, stem length, and seed shape were three traits that were studied by Mendel. Each is controlled by an independently assorting gene. If a plant that is heterozygous for all three traits was allowed to self- fertilize, what proportion of the offspring would be expected to show all three dominant phenotypes?
12. How do you differentiate between Meiosis I & Meiosis II?
13. Is Hemophilia a sex linked disease? Explain.
14. Suppose you are heterozygous for a mutant beta-thalassemia allele. If the frequency of beta-thalassemia is 1/1600 persons, what is the probability that your prospective spouse is heterozygous for a mutant beta-thalassemia allele?
15. The gene for tallness (T) is dominant over the gene for shortness (t) in pea plants. A homozygous dominant pea plant is crossed with a heterozygous pea plant, and 200 seeds are produced. Approximately how many of these seeds can be expected to produce plants that are homozygous dominant?
16. The village of Oblong has 400 normally shaped residents. Transferring is an iron carrier found in blood, and electrophoretic variation of this protein is determined by an autosomal co dominant system. The citizens of Oblong were typed for their transferring complements. The distribution of transferring phenotypes was: 100 CC, 100 CD, and 200 DD. What is the frequency of the C allele?
17. The weight of the fruit of one variety of squash is determined by three pairs of genes: AABBCC produces 6 lb squash and aabbcc produces 3 lb squash. Each dominant allele adds 1/2 lb tothe base weight (3 lb). If a pure breeding line that produced 6 lb squash was crossed with a pure breeding line that produced 3 lb squash, what would be the phenotypic ratio of the F1 and the F2?
18. What are genetic disorders? Briefly explain two that you are familiar with.
19. What information can genetic testing provide?
20. What is an allotropic population?
21. What is genetic genealogy?
22. What is genetic testing? Describe the process.
23. What is heterozygote detection?
24. What is Klinefelter's syndrome?
25. What is stem cell research?
26. What is the best plant to practice breeding and/or genetic study? Explain your reasoning.
27. What is the difference between a test cross and a back cross?
28. What is the difference between Sex-Linked and Sex-Influenced diseases?
29. What is the impact of gene cloning?
30. What is the role of Beta-lactamase in gene cloning?
31. Why does RNA have 5 bases and DNA has only 4?

Microbiology

1. Describe the steps you would take to extract HBV cccDNA from heptoma cell lines.
2. Explain phialoconidia.
3. Explain pleomorphism.
4. Explain the antibacterial, antimicrobial, and microbial indexes.
5. Explain the function of restriction enzymes.
6. Explain interferons and how they operate.
7. What are CDRs?
8. What are Hybridomas?
9. What are the two tests for antibody detection?
10. What is Coccidioidomycosis?
11. What is EMRSA, what is its significance?
12. What is heat shock response?
13. What is the difference between transformation and transduction?